The Siberian tiger, known as the "king of the jungle", is a world-class endangered species, which was once widely distributed in the northeast of China. At the beginning of the 20th century, only Xiaoxing ‘anling and Changbai Mountain were distributed in a very small amount. During the scientific investigation in 1980s, the Northeast Tiger was once declared extinct in Xiaoxing ‘anling area. In recent years, with the continuous promotion of ecological protection and restoration, Xiaoxing ‘anling has reappeared the scene of "roaring mountains and forests".
Taipinggou Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province is a region where many large and medium-sized wild animals, including brown bears and black bears, are concentrated. In recent years, many Siberian tigers have crossed the river from Russia across a river into Taipinggou, which makes the food chain in the reserve more complicated.
In this area where many kinds of top carnivores are concentrated, with the arrival of the Northeast Tiger, the king of the jungle, the original food chain in the forest area has also undergone natural succession adjustment. With the deepening of the investigation of animal population in the ditch by researchers, many rare phenomena have also been photographed.
Scientific experiments realize individual identification of black bears for the first time.
In the picture, a simple and honest black bear is standing upright like a human being, chasing the food hanging on the rope with his mouth. In this process, the white patterns on their chests are clearly exposed to the infrared camera lens. This is an experiment of individual identification of black bears conducted by researchers. It is understood that the white pattern on the chest of black bears is the only reference to distinguish individuals because of the lack of patterns that are convenient for individual identification. In order to induce them to show the patterns on their chests, the researchers designed the above experimental scheme. This extremely cooperative bear is therefore deeply loved by researchers. However, not long after, this lovely bear was hunted and eaten by the Northeast Tiger.
Zhang Yingxiang, Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Nature Reserve Administration: That bear is actually a pity, because when we were doing a special investigation on black bears and brown bears, there was such a bear in this position that it was very smart, so our experts called it the smartest bear in the world. It is when we give it an experiment, it can climb the tree and follow our rope, just like people command, it is very smart to catch the food. But the laws of nature can’t escape, the law of the jungle.
Tracking the event of tiger eating bear
While regretting the bear, the incident that the tiger ate the bear also attracted the attention of experts. It is understood that the black bear is a beast of nature and rarely encounters natural enemies. Prior to this, there was no video record of black bears being hunted by other animals in China.
Liu Fang, Associate Research Fellow of China Academy of Forestry: Judging from the situation in our country, there is no conclusive evidence that tigers eat black bears in other areas, which is the first time in China.
Professor Peking University Lv Zhi, who has been studying animals for many years, also said it was the first time he heard of it.
Professor Lv Zhi of Peking University Academy of Life Sciences: I really haven’t heard that tigers eat live bears. This is the first time I’ve heard of it.
The reporter made a further investigation into the incident of tigers eating bears. Liu Yanlin is a witness of this process. On the day of the incident, when they were conducting a special study on cats in the woodland, they found the footprints of tigers on the ground and followed them all the way, hoping to make new discoveries.
Liu Yanlin, Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Protected Area Administration: We rushed there, and the bear’s abdomen and the front of its neck were eaten by tigers, and the meat was still steaming.
Zhang Yingxiang and Su Quanyong, colleagues, talked about the scene at that time and still felt scared.
Zhang Yingxiang, Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Nature Reserve Administration: The next day, as usual, when we continued to follow the tiger’s footprints along that road, we found that there were traces of tigers stepping on our footprints down the mountain on the road we walked yesterday. At that time, we felt terrible. Fortunately, there were many people going up the mountain at that time, so it is hard to say whether the Northeast Tiger will attack when there are few people.
Su Quanyong, Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Nature Reserve Administration: The tiger’s lying track was also found on the top of the mountain. I followed the trail of the tiger dragging the bear down and went up to see their fighting scene. After walking some distance, I found a bear barn.
The reporter also repeatedly questioned and verified the evidence beyond the description of the witnesses.
Reporter: The bear’s body, how did you confirm that it was eaten by a tiger?
Liu Yanlin, Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Protected Area Administration: Because there are also fighting scenes and footprints, there are no fewer than three lying tracks beside the tiger’s footprints, and it should rest nearby after eating.
As the saying goes, the tigers roar in the mountains and the beasts are frightened. At present, tigers eat bears, which is only a case. However, with many Siberian tigers entering Taipinggou and even Xiaoxing ‘anling, what changes will happen to the animal community in the jungle need further monitoring and research. What is visible to the naked eye is that the frequency of bears has indeed dropped significantly.
Chen Zhigang, Director of Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Nature Reserve Administration: It is said that the number of bears has really changed a lot since the arrival of the Northeast Tiger. Even before the Northeast Tiger came, swarms of black bears and brown bears could always be found through infrared camera monitoring. After the first Siberian tiger came to our nature reserve, it was found that the number of brown bears and black bears was gradually decreasing in recent years. This may also reflect that among top predators, bears still have a fear of tigers, or have a certain impact on the distribution of bears.
Animal experts believe that the bear population in Taipinggou forest area has been increasing in recent years. If natural enemies can be welcomed and their numbers are properly adjusted, the forest ecosystem will adjust itself to a new equilibrium state.
Liu Fang, Associate Research Fellow of China Academy of Forestry: It can be predicted in the future that the more tigers there are, the more they will prey on black bears, which is a regulating effect on the population of black bears.
Homologous distribution of many carnivores in Taipinggou Nature Reserve.
In Taipinggou Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province, there are many kinds of top carnivores in the same domain and concentrated distribution. What is the jungle world that can carry so many carnivores?
The location on the picture is located in Taipinggou Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang Province. Boris, the Siberian tiger, is a Siberian tiger who migrated from Russia on the other side of Heilongjiang Province.
After entering Taipinggou, he quickly occupied a woodland. A day later, his son Thunder also waded from the other side and entered the same woodland with him. Xiang’ an started their respective cruises after "taking the mountain as the king" to declare sovereignty. Although the relationship between the two tigers is "father and son", "two tigers in one mountain" is still a phenomenon beyond the normal nature.
In fact, in Taipinggou Nature Reserve with a total area of only 220 square kilometers, a number of Siberian tigers, two or even more, have been identified, and it is normal to exist in this valley less than 50 kilometers at the same time. Compared with scientific data, the average territory area of a tiger is about 400 square kilometers, and Taipinggou obviously has extraordinary ecological carrying capacity.
Liu Fang, Associate Research Fellow of China Academy of Forestry: If there are many tigers in an area, it means that the ecological environment of this place is very good, which can not only provide it with sufficient hidden conditions and water sources, but also provide a very rich food source, indicating that this is a very healthy and stable ecosystem.
It is remarkable that there are not only many tigers in Taipinggou, but also other top carnivores have a stable population in Taipinggou. In another picture, three animals with strange shapes, like cats, cats and leopards, appear in the Taipinggou woodland in the same frame, enjoying the warm autumn sun leisurely. They are the second-class protected animals in China, and the wild animals in nature, the lynx, are used to living alone, and the picture of three going out together can be said to be very rare. At the same time, compared with another carnivore, wolves, which is often used to compare with their predation ability, their attack power is indistinguishable, showing the same domain distribution phenomenon.
Among a large number of carnivores, besides tigers, lynxes and wolves, there are two carnivores in Taipinggou, commonly known as beasts. They are brown bears and black bears, which are distributed in Taipinggou forest area in large numbers and overlapping.
Chen Zhigang, Director of Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Protected Area Administration: During the investigation of black bears and brown bears in the first few years, we found that there were many black bears and brown bears in our nature reserve, about 30 to 40.
It is understood that the distribution of two kinds of bears in the same domain is not only rare in China, but also the range of species overlap is very limited. This is another evidence of the superior ecological function of Taipinggou.
Liu Fang, Associate Research Fellow of China Academy of Forestry: According to the investigation results of our infrared camera, there are black bears and brown bears in every area of Taipinggou Nature Reserve, so their two species overlap in space, but according to the time information recorded by infrared camera, they are separated in time. Therefore, the spatial niches overlap, but the temporal niches are separated, and the abundant food is the reason why these two species can coexist in this area.
In addition to top predators, top raptors are also resident in Taipinggou. The golden eagle, a top predator known as the "king of birds", has lost its mystery in Taipinggou and become a clear image in an infrared camera. Interestingly, they have been photographed many times, "picking up" the leftover food of the Northeast Tiger.
In the picture, a domestic dog unfortunately became the prey of the Northeast Tiger. After being eaten by the Northeast Tiger, the staff set up an infrared camera next to the wreckage, expecting to photograph the picture of the Northeast Tiger returning to eat. Unexpectedly, the Northeast Tiger did not photograph it, but a golden eagle unexpectedly "appeared".
Zhang Yingxiang, Monitor of Heilongjiang Taipinggou National Protected Area Administration: When we went to get this camera, we found that the tiger didn’t come back and the dog was eaten by the golden eagle. At the same time, I took about 70 or 80 pictures of golden eagles eating dogs, and the pictures I took were very clear and the picture quality was very good. The golden eagle is also a national first-class protected animal. At the same time, a dog can be eaten by the golden eagle after being eaten by a tiger. This phenomenon is rarely recorded.
Taipinggou forest ecosystem is superior, which is one of the most complete areas in the food chain.
So, what’s magical about this jungle in Taipinggou, which can inhabit and support so many carnivores? It is understood that the forest coverage rate in Taipinggou is over 95%, including a large number of nut trees. It is autumn, which is the ripening season of Quercus mongolica fruits. Their fruits are rich in protein and fat, and they are high-quality food for wild animals.
Liu Fang, Associate Research Fellow of China Academy of Forestry: In Taipinggou Nature Reserve, it is very common that Mongolian oak forests grow particularly well like this, or mixed forests of Mongolian oak and red forest. They also provide a large amount of food for wild animals, so they can support a series of wild animals, including ungulates and bears. Like brown bears and black bears, the number of acorns it ingests in autumn basically determines its hibernation state and its reproduction rate.